Operational Technology Ecosystem: Understanding cyber-physical networks, including Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs).
IT vs. OT Security Mindsets: Analyzing how business networks differ from physical process environments, where operational availability and human safety are prioritized over data confidentiality.
The Purdue Enterprise Reference Model: Segmenting and organizing network boundaries across structured layers to separate standard corporate IT networks from sensitive industrial control and safety systems.
Industrial Protocol Analysis: Analyzing legacy communication protocols (such as Modbus TCP and DNP3), and evaluating the security implications of native authentication weaknesses.
OT Network Defenses: Deploying specialized industrial network security measures, utilizing passive non-intrusive monitoring to avoid system disruption, implementing hardware data diodes, and securing engineering workstations.